If you want to learn more about Romania and birding in Romania please read on. The first part is about the geographical position of the country and the second part is a short description of the most interesting regions of the country - The Danube Delta, Dobrogea and the Carpathians.

Romania is located in southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea and sandwiched between Bulgaria to the south and Ukraine to the north.

The country forms a complex geographic unit centered on the Transylvanian Basin, around which the peaks of the Carpathian Mountains and their associated sub ranges and structural platforms form a series of crescents. Beyond this zone, lie the extensive plains of the south and east of the country, their potential for agriculture and wildlife increased by the Danube and its tributaries; they form a fertile outer crescent extending to the national frontiers.

There is great diversity in the topography, geology, climate, hydrology, flora, and fauna, and for millennia this natural environment has borne the imprint of a human population.

Since the late 19th century, in particular, Romania has undergone an economic and social transformation from an agricultural society to an urbanized, industrial society.

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The map of all reserves declared as SPA - IBA - Important Bird Areas for the Natura 2000 project. <<<

For members of the EU and US a visa is not needed; for non EU-members and countries outside Europe please contact your nearest Romanian Embassy.

"This largely dry region nestles between the River Danube, as it flows from south to north before forming the delta, and the lagoons and Black Sea to the east. The landscape is typically rolling steppe and agricultural country, dotted with woodlands and brackish and freshwater lakes. Many of the birds that inhabit the delta can also be seen here and in addition there are some, like Red-breasted Goose, Levant Sparrowhawk, Collared Pratincole, Pied Wheatear, Calandra Lark and Spanish Sparrow that are easier to locate here than in the delta." (Gerard Gorman, ALULA 4/2000 volume 6)

The map above shows the protected areas in Dobrogea region. As you can see more than 50% of the area is under protection. this makes the largest compact protected area in Europe and one of the main birding areas in Romania. On the lower map you can see why this area is so important. The map shows the bird migration pass known as Via Pontica, the most important in Europe.

The birds are concentrated by the Carpathians at West and by the Black Sea (E) forced to follow the sea shore and cross the steppes of Dobrogea. This way masses of birds are crossing this magnificent area every year.

The flora of Dobrogea region is very rich as it concentrates 1911 species on 16000 km square being comparable to the plant diversity of the Mediterranean islands Corsica and Crete. This represents more than 50% of Romanian flora

This region represents a complex synthesis of the plant biogeographic areas as it is situated at the southern limit of the Central European and some Crimean species, at the northern limit of the Mediteranean-Balkanic - Pontic species and at the western limit of some Asiatic ones.

The complex structure of the flora and its specificity, beside the Euro-Asiatic species (25%), is conferred by the high proportion of southern - Balkanic, Pontic - Mediterranean, Sub-mediterranean species (25%) and by the Continental, steppe species (17%).

The European and Central European (12%) and Circumboreal (4%) species are less frequent and occur on higher altitudes. All these features confer to Dobrogea the character of synthesis of southeast European flora and not only. A plant hunting trip to Dobrogea is more or less equivalent to a much larger visit to central Europe, northern Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, the Crimean Mountains and the steppes of Ukraine and Central Asia.

"Europe's last nature paradise" says Jan Hopman in his article from Grasduinen the most important nature magazine in Holland (April 2000) 

"Indeed, the Danube Delta's reedbeds constitute the largest expanse in the world covering 2,700 square km" … "If all this were not enough there is also, in addition to the delta proper around 880 square km of lagoons, saltmarsh, sandy and shingle beaches and other coastal habitats to the immediate south" ... "No other European wetland west of the Volga can compete with the Danube Delta in size, diversity and overall magnificence." says Gerard Gorman in an article from ALULA the most important ornithological (birding) magazine in Finland.

Size and position

With its 4,152 sq. km is the second largest Delta in Europe after Volga Delta. Situated in the eastern part of Europe and lies at the intersection of 45 oN (parallel of latitude) with 29 oE (longitude).
The total area of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve is about 580,000ha, more than half of which embraces what is commonly called the "Danube Delta". The remaining area is shared between the upstream Danube flood plain and the lagoon complex - Razelm Sinoe.

Short historical view

The first to notice the deltoid shape of this system was probably, Herodotus studying the Nile Delta nearly 2,500 years ago. His "Histories" provide the first information of the Danube (Istros) and its delta. Since ancient times the Danube Delta has been an object of interest to European people.

Hypsometry

The Danube Delta is a very low flat plain, lying 0.5m above Mean Black Sea Level with a general gradient of 0.006m/km. The highest point o the delta is given by the sand dunes in Letea (+12.4m) and the maximum depth is on Chilia arm (-39 m).

Hydrographic network

According to the most recent measurements the total length of the natural streams is 1,743 km and that of the channels is about 1,753km.

Lakes

There are 479 lakes in the Delta. In the western part of the delta where the siltation is more intense, the lakes are more numerous, small and shallow (<1.0 m depth) while in the lower-lying eastern part, their number is reduced but the individual size is considerably larger. Their average depth is 1-2m, sometimes up to 3 m.
The Razim-Sinoe lagoon complex is the largest lacustrine area of Romania covering 101,500ha. It was formed by closing off the old marine gulf of Halmyris and now is separated by the Black Sea only by a narrow beach ridge. The depth of these lakes ranges between 1.0m and 3.5m.

Hydrology

During the period 1921-1990 the average annual water discharge was 6,570 cubic meters/sec at the delta entrance; the extreme value of 17,700 cubic meters/sec was recorded in 1958. The average annual suspended sediment discharge was 29.2 million tons in the period 1981-1990. In the delta the amount of incoming sediment/year is about 1,5 million tons, a large part of which is deposited in secondary streams, canals and lakes.

Climate

The Danube Delta has a continental-temperate climate with some pontic (marine) influence. The average number of hour sunshine is about 2,500 hours/year.
Average annual air temperature is 11 degrees Celsius with a minimum average in winter of -1.5 C (January) and max average in summer 22.7 C (July).
Absolute minimum air temperature - 27.2 C (18.01.1963)
Absolute maximum air temperature - 39.7 C (02.08.1945)
Precipitation is influenced by the north Dobrogean tableland and by the Black Sea. The average precipitation is 438.4 mm in Tulcea and 330.5 mm at Sulina.
The snow starts to fall in the second week of December until the middle of March.
The air humidity of about 80%, is the highest in Romania, and increases towards the east: 80% at Tulcea and 86% at Sulina. In wintertime air humidity in Sulina may reach up to 90%.
The number of cloudless days is 66 in Tulcea and 80 at Sfintu Gheorghe.
The potential evapotranspiration is > 700 mm/year. The Danube Delta has one of the highest atmospheric moisture deficits in Romania (- 300 - 400 mm).
Aeolian condition - Winds blow 80% of the year and with almost the same frequency from all directions. However, the prevailing direction is from the northwest, followed by the north wind. The highest speed winds - 8.4 m/s -were recorded near the sea.

Human settlements

The first signs of human settlements discovered in the delta date from before the Middle Ages, and even go as far back as the Neolithic Age. The ruins of the ancient Greek cities of Histria and Argamum bear witness this fact and lie on the western side of the present day Razim Sinoe lagoon complex, they were built in the 6th- 5th centuries BC. Constantine VII the Porphyrogenitus (950) mentions the present town of Sulina by the name of Sollina. During the Turkish Empire, which started at the beginning of 15th century, some new settlements where established - Caraorman (1819). The most recent settlement in the Danube Delta is Maliuc in 1953.

Population

In the 20th century the population of the Danube Delta fluctuated between 15,000 and 21,000 inhabitants, being strongly influenced by the two world wars and the development of the town of Tulcea. The population of 15,590 recorded in 1992 was the lowest population for
(Ecosystems of the Romanian Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve - Danube Delta Institute)

 Derived from the Latin word "transilvana", meaning over the forests, the name of Transylvania survived after many gloomy periods throughout centuries.
Transylvania is situated in the center of Romania, surrounded by the Carpathians.
At present, Transylvania is divided into 10 counties, which cover 96,837 sq. km.
Transylvania is the home of a wide diversity of people: Romanians, Hungarians, Germans, Armenians, and Jews etc.
That is why the architecture in Transylvania is a mosaic of many different styles: Byzantine, Romanian, Gothic and Neo-Gothic, Renaissance, Barocco.
The peasant and German strongholds and settlement (some of them dating from the 13th century) are the main attractions of the region: Prejmer, Harman, Biertan, Feldioara, Viscri etc.
The towns of Brasov, Sibiu, Sighisoara, Cluj-Napoca, Bistrita, Sebes and Medias are the landmark of a remarkable history and civilization.
Middle Age traces are all over the place: murals, towers, bridges, ramparts, narrow streets and squares, strongholds built in the way of the Tartars, the Turks and other plunderers. The 200 fortified churches and Saxon strongholds are unique in Europe. The visitor can become the witness of an apparently lost history !
Transylvania is also the legendary realm of Bram Stoker's Dracula. The vampire's traces are to be found in Bran, Tihuta pass, Sighisoara.
But, most of all, we are sure that the traveler will appreciate the spiritual traditions of the Land Over the Forests.

The Carpathians

The Carpathian Mountains are the eastern wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe, curving 1500 km (~900 miles) along the borders of Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and northern Hungary. Romania contains by far the largest area of the Carpathians, and forms the eastern and southern boundaries of the region. 55.2% of the Carpathian region is located within Romania. 47.4% of Romanian territory is part of the Carpathian mountain range. The Romanian Carpathians are divided into three groups: Eastern Carpathians, Southern Carpathians and Western Carpathians. The highest peaks are in the Southern Carpathians - Moldoveanu (2544 m/8,346 feet) and Negoiu (2535 m/8,316 feet) The Carpathians' ensemble is characterized by its varied landscape owing to the different types of relief particularities (glacial, karstic, riverine, structural-lithological), the alternation of mountainous and depressions units, gorges and valleys and the diversity and configuration of the vegetation. They contain the highest concentration of large carnivores in Europe, with estimates of over 6000 brown bears, 2500 wolves and some 1750 lynx living in the region. The Romanian Carpathians represent an exceptional tourist attraction.

Flora

The flora of the Carpathians includes 1350 species, among which 116 are endemic. The Carpathian floral year begins at the end of February - the beginning of March, with the colsfoot, the snowdrop, the hollow wort and the pheasant's eye. The rose bay flowers blossom at the beginning of June, when the mountain slopes above the juniper belt become red being covered by the splendid carpet of rose bay. It is indeed a special event. In July and August, the lawns, the slides and the rock walls are turned into multicolored canvases by the other plants in bloom: little lilies of the valley, pigeon chins, various species of pursuance, bird's eye, saxifrages, spotted gentian and the yellow gentian. Autumn time is announced by the amellus starwort (Aster amellus) and the swallow wort gentian.

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